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Feedback Research in Second Language 

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Language Teacher Education Research

Artificial Intelligence Knowledge Development

The present study investigates how pre-service and in-service primary EFL teachers in Germany consider individual differences (IDs) when making long- and short-term planning decisions. Participants were presented with two vignettes designed to initiate prospective reflection processes typical of (professional) planning. The resulting written reflections were analyzed alongside qualitative content analysis with a focus on the nature and degree of learner referencing. Results indicate that learner references were predominantly generic, while differentiated references occurred less frequently. When differentiation was present, it was primarily performance-based. Although references to ID dimensions appeared comparatively rarely and unsystematically, they addressed a broad variety of ID dimensions. The study discusses the implications of these findings for teacher education, arguing for more structured and supported opportunities to practice knowledge-based, heterogeneity-sensitive prospective reflection.

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Original Research 

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“All Learners will Enjoy this!” The (Limited) Integration of Individual Differences in Primary EFL Teachers’ Task Planning

The rapid advancement of digital technologies has transformed language assessment in the past several decades, bringing both benefits and challenges for second language (L2) teachers, who need to advance their language assessment literacy (LAL) in response to the drastic changes. In this reflective essay, drawing on ancient Chinese philosophy, particularly the Shu (the Technique) and Dao (The Way) binary, I first narrate my LAL development from 2010 to 2022, from a pre-service teacher to an in-service teacher-assessor, by emphasizing how my assessment practices (Shu) have changed in response to digital technologies. Then, I reflect on the unchanging Dao of my LAL crystallized during my PhD studies from 2022 to 2025 as a teacher-researcher investigating teachers&rsquo; LAL, namely, using language assessment to achieve students&rsquo; holistic development. Finally, I advocate a vision in which L2 teachers can respond to the constantly evolving technological environment by grounding their future technology-assisted assessment practices in the unchanging principles of the Dao through human-AI collaboration.

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Perspective Article

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“Respond to Change with the Unchanging”: A Second Language Teacher’s Reflective Journey in Transforming Language Assessment Literacy in the Digital Era

Guest-editor: 
Hassan Mohebbi 
European Knowledge Development Institute, Turkey

Special Issue:  Language Assessment Literacy in the New Era: New Concerns, Same Solutions?

Inspired by Coombe et al.&rsquo;s (2020) conceptualization of Language Assessment Literacy (LAL) as a recursive process of learning, unlearning, and relearning, we reflect on how teachers&rsquo; LAL is socially and technologically mediated in using DeepSeek&rsquo;s DeepThink function. Through reflective analysis of Wenwen&rsquo;s supervisory interactions with her MA student in China, and Steve&rsquo;s in-service teacher education practices in Cambodia, this reflective paper contributes to the discussions about LAL in the age of AI. We present our successes and failures with promoting the use of AI as a tool for the development of LAL in teachers and learners. Our experiences with LAL and AI are framed in Coombe et al.&rsquo;s (2020) recursive cycle of LAL development.

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DeepThink-Mediated Language Assessment Literacy: EFL Teachers’ Practices and Insights from China and Cambodia

This paper explores the construct of Language Assessment Literacy in Vietnam. A mixed methods approach was adopted to understand the classroom-based assessment practices of English language teachers at all stages of education. Classroom observations with follow up interview, focus group discussions and a survey were the methods deployed to understand the teachers&rsquo; assessment practices, their attitudes towards assessment and the challenges they encountered when assessing their students. The results revealed that the teachers used a range of assessment practices, and they were able to clearly articulate the rationale for the chosen practices. The teachers used the results of the assessments to inform their teaching decisions and lesson planning. Based on the range of assessment practices observed and discussed the participant teachers demonstrated high levels of Language Assessment Literacy. They were able to implement competence-based assessment which was a feature of a recent nationwide curriculum reform project. The challenges faced by the teachers included large class sizes, heavy teaching load and, for teachers in rural areas, resourcing issues. The teachers expressed a strong desire to have more autonomy in their teaching and assessment practices and for the teacher voice to be given greater weight when considering and implementing curriculum reform.

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Language Assessment Literacy in Vietnam: Practices, Attitudes and Challenges

This paper integrates the discussion of current digital innovations, their uses for academic writing instruction, and its implication for language assessment. Using the revisited New Literacy Studies (NLS) framework (Pegrum et al., 2018, 2022), I suggest considering a structural organization to guide practices of academic writing and their assessment: A typology of AI-Assisted Writing that includes Original, Augmented, and Synthetic texts. By connecting digital literacy studies to seminal work on textual typology (Reiss, 1970, 1989), this reflection calls for interdisciplinary discussion and the use cross-curricular approaches to align educational policies for AI-assisted writing in language assessment practices. The suggested frames serve as pedagogical anchors to ignite ideas on meaningful classroom design environments, but also as points of departure for the construction of professional development plans and teacher language assessment literacy programs that address current skills and principles when LLM-based writing steps as a disruptive tool in academic writing. The paper closes with a conclusion in the line of promoting studies that embedded digitally mediated strategic academic literacy informed by empirical evidence from diverse classrooms and across stages of Language Assessment Literacy that stakeholders may have.

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Textual Typologies for AI-Assisted Writing: Integrating New Literacy Studies and Language Assessment Practices

Language Assessment Literacy (LAL) has long been central to teachers&rsquo; professionalisation, yet the field has given relatively little attention to digitalisation. The rapid emergence of generative AI in language teaching and assessment now compels a reconceptualisation of teacher LAL to incorporate AI related knowledge, skills and ethical awareness. This paper maps key affordances&mdash;automated item generation, scalable scoring, and timely individualised feedback&mdash;alongside critical challenges including overreliance, academic integrity threats, bias, data protection and equity concerns. It argues that teachers require prompting skills, critical evaluation of AI output, understanding of automated scoring systems, and pedagogical strategies to redesign assessments, and that these competences must be embedded in initial and in service teacher education. Sustainable implementation demands coordinated action by policymakers, researchers, test developers, teacher educators and school leaders to provide localised frameworks, professional development, and time for practice. New conceptions of teacher LAL have to integrate a dynamic AI component, with AI literacy and related requirements representing a moving target and LAL levels being underdeveloped in many educational contexts.

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Generative AI Technology and Teacher Language Assessment Literacy – Can Language Teachers Keep up?

This paper reflects on the assessment of language ability, and evaluates the significance of developments in language test design in South Africa over the last three decades. In this environment the development of language assessment literacy (LAL) has been a piecemeal advance, prompted by private efforts. In their administration of large-scale international tests at primary and secondary school level, public education authorities have commissioned this private expertise to evaluate the quality of existing public examinations. In higher education, the learning about assessing language ability more professionally has been focussed on the testing of academic literacy. Several institutional, one inter-institutional initiative and one organisation intended for individual professionals have contributed to a sustained engagement with the assessment of language ability. Engagement, however, does not yet constitute demonstrable or wide national gains in competence to assess language ability. There is a serious lack of research on LAL despite this having secured the attention of language testers globally for more than two decades. The work done within the organisations mentioned shows how awareness may be converted into competence. Having achieved some gains in the latter, the investigations have also revealed significant gaps in expertise. There are still equally significant challenges to be met.

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A Piecemeal Advance: Language Assessment Literacy in South Africa

Community of practice (CoP) is often seen as a practical application of sociocultural theory, as it provides a space for individuals to engage in collaborative learning and knowledge creation through social interaction and participation. Alike any other educational entity, it is critical to determine the effectiveness of any CoP program; therefore, providing a model for its evaluation becomes prominent. To do so, this study tries to explore a model by asking the staff involved in running a speaking association (SA) in a language school in Turkey to evaluate its effectiveness as a type of CoP. Hence, two administrators, three teachers, and five facilitators of the SA filled out a narrative frame about the evaluation criteria for the success and effectiveness of an SA. Then individual semi-structured interviews were conducted for closer scrutiny of the criteria and their reasons. Thematic analysis was employed with an eye on the sociocultural mediators to explore the themes of an effective CoP and the emerging themes were classified into three sociocultural mediators&rsquo; categories, namely psychological, material, and peer mediators. The findings of the study can inform the policymakers and teachers of learning CoPs to integrate these aspects into their programs to produce more effective results.

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(Re)visiting a Community of Practice Evaluation Framework in a Students’ Speaking Association: The Role of Sociocultural Mediators

The present study investigates the role of Iranian traditional music as an input mode in learning and retention of difficult English vocabularies on Iranian upper intermediate language learners. Although the previous studies have reported the impact of music on the process of vocabulary learning, there is still limited evidence about the role of cultural familiarity with music in second language learning. In this study, 80 language learners were put in four groups. Two groups received the target vocabulary items by the utilization of western classical music, while the other two groups received the same vocabularies by using Iranian traditional music. After the pretest, posttest and delayed posttest, the results of Repeated Measures ANOVA indicated that the time had significant impact on the participants&rsquo; lexical performance. In addition, the descriptive statistics showed that the learners, who were exposed to the Iranian traditional music, had better performance in both the instant and delayed posttest compared to the western classical music groups. However, there was no significant interaction between the music type and time. The findings illustrate that the utilization of familiar music in terms of culture can facilitate the process of learning and retention of vocabularies in second language acquisition contexts.

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Using Iranian Traditional Music as an Input Mode in L2 Vocabulary Learning

Oral corrective feedback (oral CF) has been widely investigated in second language pronunciation research because of its potential to promote more target-like phonological production. However, little is known about how technology-assisted oral CF affects learners&rsquo; segmental accuracy as measured through acoustic analysis, and no study to date has examined this with Kurdish EFL learners&rsquo; production of English vowels. For this purpose, sixty Kurdish EFL learners at a university in Kurdistan were randomly assigned to three groups: (a) an explicit oral CF group, receiving oral explanations supported by visual feedback in Praat; (b) an implicit oral CF group, receiving recasts and input enhancement via YouGlish; and (c) a control group, receiving no oral CF. Ten Native American English speakers provided baseline acoustic data for the target vowels. All learners completed a pre-test, post-test, and delayed post-test two months later. Their production of /iː/ and /ɪ/ was elicited through word reading, sentence reading, and picture description. Results showed that the explicit oral CF group achieved significantly greater improvement than both the implicit oral CF and control groups. Furthermore, only the explicit group maintained gains at the delayed post-test, indicating more durable effects of technology-assisted teacher feedback.

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The Effectiveness of Technology-Mediated Oral Corrective Feedback on the Acquisition of English Vowels by Kurdish EFL Learners

<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Georgia',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-no-proof: yes;">By this point, language assessment literacy (LAL) has established itself as a fundamental concept in applied linguistics and language testing. Determining the scope of LAL and outlining the concepts abilities and knowledge necessary for competent assessment practice were the main goals of early research in this field (Davies 2008; Fulcher 2012). However, more recent research has focused on the contextual developmental and stakeholder-dependent aspects of LAL raising concerns about the definition of assessment literacy as well as how it is acquired applied and maintained in practice (Kremmel &amp; Harding, 2020).The latter question is the focus of Fostering Language Assessment Literacy: Materials Methods and Emerging Issues.

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Book Review

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Book Review: Fostering Language Assessment Literacy: Materials, Methods, and Emerging Issues. Edited by Frank Giraldo & Xun Yan Routledge Studies in Applied Linguistics. Routledge, 2026. ISBN: 978-1-032-77595-1 (hbk).

This personal reflection manuscript analyzes my three-year experience in the classroom, implementing ChatGPT as a writing and language learning tool for young adult EFL students at a Turkish university. Based on direct observations of nearly 350 students in the classroom, the paper critically examines the strengths and weaknesses of ChatGPT in four main areas: improving writing and giving feedback, learning and using new words, practicing conversation and fluency, and understanding cultural differences and context. ChatGPT proved to be a valuable educational resource by being easy to use, patient, and responsive. It gave personalized feedback, suggested different words, and gave students chances to practice without feeling anxious. However, this reflection critically examines its limitations as a teaching tool. Based on well-known theories of second language acquisition, such as Zone of Proximal Development, Input Hypothesis, and Interaction Hypothesis, the paper indicates that relying too much on AI could hurt learner autonomy, weaken authentic voice, and create superficial language competence. The reflection suggests that the socially embedded and culturally dynamic aspects of language learning cannot be sufficiently addressed through algorithmic interaction alone. The paper ends with suggestions for language teachers on how to use AI tools in language classrooms in a responsible and well-informed way.

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Navigating the AI Frontier: A Personal Reflection on ChatGPT as a Language Learning Companion

Guest-editors: 
Deborah Crusan
Wright State University, USA
Hassan Mohebbi 
European Knowledge Development Institute, Turkey